Watermark; Evidence for
Authentication of Paper Manuscripts
Eleasely,
Abdel-Salam * & Afandy , Abdel-Latif **
Abstract
Since the paper has been
invented in the 1st century AD, it became the main cultural record
of the civilizations. Paper outspread westwards; from china to Korea and Japan,
and eastwards to the eastern borders of the Islamic empire close to the Chinese
west borders at that time. Paper manufacture has been transferred from place to
place and has been taken over for almost five centuries in Arab world. During
this time, paper manufacturers has done extremely well to proof the legitimacy
of their products, esp.; when they are manufactured for specific purposes or
when they are distinguished classes of good writing or painting paper. By
impressing specific signs that were made by shaped wire set onto the mold and
fixed in place first by sewing and later by soldering. By using watermarks that
might be in the form of flowers, birds, or in the form of geometrical figures
stitched on the paper mold, paper manufactures could ensure the authentication
and genuine of their products. Paper
historians have used a variety of techniques for recording watermarks. The traditional
method of tracing the watermark using transmitted light is a successful method
provided that light would reveal the details as obvious as laid and chain
lines. For the useful purposes of watermark in authentication of paper, it is
known that the location of the watermark on the sheet can provide an accurate
indication of the original size of the sheet; i.e., paper format, as well
as the condition of its edges; i.e.,
paper quality. Some manufacturers for instance used to watermark their papers with
different initials each of which refer to paper grade. In some cases, dates
were directly impressed in paper watermark. Modern banknote paper and official
documents may contain more than one ordinary watermark. Embossed printed
surfaces, chemical marks, very specific signatures, certain paper fibers and
designs are all applied for more authentication purposes. This paper confers
these evidences for more certification of paper-based substrates, of which
paper manuscripts are not less important than paper currency. It will also
register new forms of watermarks that are traced from some paper manuscripts.
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